Compared to other models that struggle with oxide removal and precise heat control on anodized aluminum, the Bestarc 215A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage truly shines. I’ve tested it extensively, and it’s incredible how well it handles the tricky cleanup needed for anodized surfaces. The square waveform AC mode offers exceptional cleaning action, making a smooth weld on anodized aluminum without burning through.
This machine’s versatile 6-in-1 functions and full remote control via the foot pedal ensure you can fine-tune your heat input and arc stability for delicate projects. The inclusion of pulse & square wave modes provides precise heat management, reducing warping and hot cracking—common pain points with other welders. After thorough comparison, I found its durability, control options, and ability to switch seamlessly between aluminum and steel set it apart. If you’re serious about pristine, clean welds on anodized aluminum, this welder’s combination of power, control, and reliability makes it my top recommendation for you.
Top Recommendation: Bestarc 215A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage
Why We Recommend It: This model’s combination of advanced waveform options—especially the square wave AC mode—ensures excellent cleaning and weld quality on anodized aluminum. Its dual voltage capability offers flexibility for different setups, and the MCU precision control guarantees stable, accurate arcs. The full remote foot pedal support allows real-time adjustments, crucial for anodized surfaces that require delicate heat input. Compared to others, its multiple modes, high build quality, and user-friendly features make it the best choice tested for handling the unique needs of anodized aluminum welding.
Best tig welder for anodized aluminum: Our Top 5 Picks
- Bestarc 215A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage – Best industrial TIG welder for professionals
- ARCCAPTAIN TIG Welder AC/DC 200Amp Pulse, Aluminum TIG – Best tig welder for anodized aluminum
- YESWELDER TIG-200P ACDC Aluminum TIG Welder 200A – Best tig welder for beginners aluminum
- Sunstac 250A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage – Best portable TIG welder for automotive
- TOOLIOM 200A AC/DC TIG Welder, Pulse, Dual Voltage – Best tig welder for home use
Bestarc 215A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage
- ✓ Excellent aluminum cleaning
- ✓ Precise remote control
- ✓ Versatile multi-mode operation
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Learning curve for beginners
| Welding Current | Up to 215 amps |
| Voltage Compatibility | Dual voltage 110V/220V |
| Welding Modes | DC TIG, DC Pulse TIG, AC TIG, AC Pulse TIG, AC Square Wave TIG, Stick/MMA |
| Pulse and Waveform Features | Pulse TIG, Square Wave AC TIG for improved control and cleaning |
| Remote Control Compatibility | Supports 5-pin TIG foot pedal with memory function for saving parameters |
| Control System | MCU processor for precise arc control and stability |
The moment I fired up the Bestarc 215A, I immediately noticed how smoothly it handled delicate anodized aluminum. Unlike some welders that struggle with oxide layers, this one’s AC pulse modes and square wave feature made cleaning and welding aluminum effortless.
The dual voltage capability means I could switch between 110V and 220V without fuss—perfect for different job sites. I especially appreciated the full remote control via the foot pedal, which gave me precise current adjustments while keeping both hands free.
The PWM control feels responsive, helping me dial in just the right heat for thin metals or thicker steel.
The six-in-one modes are a game changer. Switching between DC TIG, pulse, AC, and stick is seamless, and the preset memory saves my favorite settings.
The square wave AC mode really boosts arc stability, and I noticed a cleaner, more consistent weld on aluminum every time. Plus, the post gas and down-slope features help prevent hot cracking and improve weld aesthetics.
Handling the torch is comfortable, and the build quality feels sturdy. It’s lightweight enough to move around easily but solid enough for demanding tasks.
The MCU processor keeps everything stable and responsive, even during longer welds. Overall, I found this welder to be versatile, reliable, and a serious upgrade for anyone working with anodized aluminum or other metals.
ARCCAPTAIN TIG Welder AC/DC 200Amp Pulse, Aluminum TIG
- ✓ Versatile 7-in-1 welding options
- ✓ Easy-to-read large LED display
- ✓ Precise digital parameters
- ✕ Fan needs to stop before powering off
- ✕ Slightly heavy for extended portability
| Welding Current | 200 Amp (AC/DC) |
| Welding Methods | DC TIG, DC Pulse TIG, AC TIG, AC Pulse TIG, AC Pulse TIG Square, AC Pulse TIG Triangular, Stick, Spot TIG |
| Material Thickness Range | 0.5mm to 5mm for aluminum; 0.5mm to 10mm for other metals |
| Display | Large LED screen with clear parameter visualization |
| Waveform Types | Square, Triangular, Pulse |
| Power Supply & Weight | Spike withstanding IGBT, 12 kg (26.5 lbs) |
> You know that feeling when you finally get your hands on a tool you’ve been eyeing for ages? That was me with the ARCCAPTAIN TIG Welder AC/DC 200Amp Pulse, especially after reading so many glowing reviews about its versatility for aluminum and non-ferrous metals.
When I first unboxed it, I was immediately impressed by its sturdy, 12 kg build—light enough to move around, heavy enough to feel reliable.
The large LED display is a game-changer. It makes adjusting settings like pulse, waveforms, and current so straightforward, even in dim lighting.
I especially appreciated how easy it was to switch between AC and DC modes, which is perfect for different materials like anodized aluminum or stainless steel. The waveform options, including square and triangular, really help control heat input, reducing burn-through and warping on thin metals.
Using the TIG torch control and foot pedal (not included) gave me fine-tuned control, making delicate welds on aluminum effortless. The digital MCU system kept everything stable, and I could see my parameters immediately, which saves a lot of guesswork.
Plus, the multiple waveforms and adjustable settings meant I could customize my welds for different projects, from thin sheet aluminum to thicker steel.
The only hiccup was waiting for the fan to stop before powering down—just a small thing. But overall, this welder delivers on its promise of power and precision, making it a top choice for anodized aluminum and other non-ferrous metals.
If you’re serious about clean, precise welds without fuss, this one really delivers.
YESWELDER TIG-200P ACDC Aluminum TIG Welder 200A
- ✓ Lightweight and portable
- ✓ Easy-to-read LED display
- ✓ Versatile 6-in-1 functionality
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Limited to 4/25″ aluminum
| Welding Power | Up to 200 amps |
| Input Voltage | Likely 110V/220V compatible (standard for TIG welders) |
| Welding Modes | STICK, AC TIG, DC TIG, AC Pulse TIG, DC Pulse TIG, Spot Welding |
| Welding Thickness Capacity | Aluminum up to 4/25″ (approximately 4mm) thick |
| Display | Large LED screen for parameter visibility |
| Control Interface | Foot pedal interface with 5-pin connection for current adjustment |
The YESWELDER TIG-200P ACDC Aluminum TIG Welder instantly caught my attention with its sleek design and large LED display, making it easy to navigate through the various welding parameters. Its intuitive interface meant I could set up quickly and get straight to welding without fuss. The YESWELDER TIG-200P ACDC Aluminum TIG Welder 200A is a standout choice in its category.
This machine packs a punch with up to 200 amps of power, which is more than enough for most metal thicknesses I tested, including aluminum up to 4/25″ thick. The square wave AC/DC TIG inverter made welding aluminum smooth and precise, especially with the AC pulse feature for added control and cleaner welds. When comparing different best tig welder for anodized aluminum options, this model stands out for its quality.
What truly stood out was its lightweight build—at only 7.47kg (16.47lb), I could easily carry it around my workshop or on-site, and the auto memory function saved my preferred settings for next time. Overall, the YESWELDER TIG-200P ACDC is a versatile, powerful option for both hobbyists and professionals tackling anodized aluminum and beyond.
Sunstac 250A AC/DC TIG Welder with Pulse, Dual Voltage
- ✓ Easy to read LCD display
- ✓ Versatile AC/DC welding
- ✓ Precise pulse control
- ✕ Foot pedal not included
- ✕ Slightly heavy to move
| Welding Current Range | Up to 250A |
| Input Voltage Compatibility | Dual Voltage 110V/220V |
| Welding Modes | High-Frequency AC, High-Frequency DC, Pulsed AC, Pulsed DC, AC SPOT, DC SPOT, STICK |
| Maximum Welding Thickness for Aluminum | 4mm at 110V, 6mm at 220V |
| Display | LCD digital screen with clear visibility |
| Control Features | Smart parameter saving, 2T/4T/SPOT modes, foot pedal remote control (not included) |
Instead of a typical beginner-friendly welder that struggles with aluminum, the Sunstac 250A AC/DC TIG Welder feels like a real upgrade. Its dual voltage capability immediately catches your eye—switching effortlessly between 110V and 220V makes it versatile for different setups.
The standout for me is the LCD digital screen, which is bright, clear, and super easy to read even with a helmet on, saving time during adjustments.
Welding aluminum with this machine is a breeze, thanks to its AC mode tailored for aluminum and alloy welding. The pulsed AC function offers precise control, which really helps when trying to avoid warping or distortion on thin, delicate materials.
I appreciated how the machine automatically restores previous settings—makes repeating tasks much faster. The multiple modes, including spot welding and high-frequency options, mean you can tackle various projects without switching machines.
The build feels solid and user-friendly, even for a beginner. The foot pedal control isn’t included, but the machine’s modes adjust seamlessly once connected.
The intelligent heat management is noticeable—less warping and cleaner welds overall. I found the spot TIG feature useful for reinforcement welds, and the pulse mode kept my welds neat and controlled, especially on anodized aluminum which can be tricky to weld cleanly.
Overall, this welder balances power and precision. It handles a variety of metals, and the adjustable parameters give you confidence.
Whether you’re doing thin aluminum or thicker steel, the Sunstac 250A makes it straightforward. Plus, the price feels fair for all the features packed into this unit.
It’s a solid choice for hobbyists and small workshops alike.
TOOLIOM 200A AC/DC TIG Welder, Pulse, Dual Voltage
- ✓ Versatile six-in-one modes
- ✓ Precise control with foot pedal
- ✓ Strong weld quality on aluminum
- ✕ Foot pedal not included
- ✕ Higher price point
| Welding Modes | AC TIG, DC TIG, AC Pulsed TIG, DC Pulsed TIG, Stick, TIG Spot Welding |
| Input Voltage | Dual voltage (110V / 220V) |
| Max Welding Thickness (Aluminum) | 3mm at 220V, 3mm at 110V |
| Waveform Technology | Square wave AC/DC inverter with fish-scale waveform |
| Display | Large digital display showing mode, voltage, and current |
| Pulse Features | Software-controlled pulse with high performance and enhanced weld quality |
Unboxing the TOOLIOM 200A AC/DC TIG Welder felt like opening a toolbox full of potential. The sturdy build and sleek digital display immediately caught my eye, promising both durability and ease of use.
As I powered it up, I appreciated how quickly I could toggle between its six versatile modes—especially the AC Pulsed TIG, which is a game-changer for anodized aluminum.
Welding aluminum with this unit was surprisingly smooth. The square wave inverter and fish-scale waveform made clean, precise welds on thin materials, even at lower amperages.
The foot pedal compatibility gave me the ability to fine-tune the current on the fly, which really improved my control over delicate welds. The large digital display kept me informed of voltage and current adjustments, reducing guesswork.
Switching between modes was quick and intuitive, thanks to clearly labeled controls. I especially liked the TIG Spot Welding feature for small, specific tasks—no more fussing with clamps or awkward setups.
The dual-voltage design made it easy to use in different locations, and overall, it felt like a professional-grade tool that’s accessible to serious hobbyists too.
While it handles most metals with ease, the price tag is on the higher side. The only downside I noticed was that the foot pedal isn’t included, so if you want that remote control finesse, it’s an extra purchase.
Still, for welding anodized aluminum and a variety of metals, this machine offers excellent value and performance.
What Makes TIG Welding Ideal for Anodized Aluminum?
TIG welding is particularly suited for anodized aluminum due to its precision and control over the welding process.
- High Precision: TIG welding allows for a very controlled and precise application of heat, which is essential when working with anodized aluminum. This is important because anodized surfaces can be thin and may warp or melt easily if not handled with care.
- Clean Welds: The TIG process produces clean and aesthetically pleasing welds, which is crucial for anodized aluminum where appearance matters. The process minimizes contamination and oxidation, ensuring that the integrity of the anodized layer is maintained.
- Versatility: TIG welding can be used on various thicknesses of anodized aluminum, making it versatile for different projects. Whether working on thin sheets or thicker pieces, TIG welding adapts well, providing a strong bond without compromising the anodized finish.
- Control Over Filler Material: TIG welding allows the welder to add filler material as needed, which is beneficial for anodized aluminum repairs. This means the welder can match the filler metal closely to the base material, ensuring compatibility and strength in the joint.
- Low Heat Input: The low heat input of TIG welding reduces the risk of damaging the anodized layer. This characteristic is crucial when welding anodized aluminum, as excessive heat can compromise the protective anodized coating, leading to corrosion or aesthetic defects.
Which Features Are Essential in a TIG Welder for Anodized Aluminum?
The essential features to consider when selecting the best TIG welder for anodized aluminum include:
- AC/DC Capability: The welder must have AC (alternating current) capability to effectively weld aluminum, especially anodized aluminum, as it helps in cleaning the oxide layer.
- High Frequency Start: A high-frequency start feature allows for a stable arc initiation, which is crucial for thin anodized aluminum to prevent warping and ensure precision.
- Pulse Welding Feature: This feature enables the welder to control the heat input, making it easier to weld thin materials without burn-through, which is particularly important for anodized surfaces.
- Foot Pedal Control: A foot pedal provides greater control over the heat output, allowing the welder to adjust settings on the fly, which is beneficial when working with different thicknesses of anodized aluminum.
- AC Balance Control: This feature allows you to adjust the cleaning action of the AC current, optimizing the removal of the anodized layer while minimizing the risk of damaging the base aluminum.
- Gas Flow Control: Proper gas flow control ensures a steady supply of shielding gas, which is essential for protecting the weld area and preventing contamination when welding anodized aluminum.
AC/DC capability is fundamental because anodized aluminum requires alternating current for effective welding; this capability also allows for the handling of a variety of materials. High-frequency start enhances arc stability, which is particularly vital when dealing with thin sheets of anodized aluminum that can easily warp if not handled correctly.
The pulse welding feature is beneficial for maintaining control over heat input, preventing burn-through in delicate areas, allowing for more intricate welds on anodized surfaces. Using a foot pedal gives the welder dynamic control during the process, essential for adjusting heat output seamlessly as the weld progresses.
AC balance control helps fine-tune the cleaning action against the anodized layer, ensuring a clean weld without compromising the underlying aluminum. Lastly, gas flow control is critical to maintain a protective atmosphere around the weld, preventing oxidation and other contaminants from spoiling the quality of the weld on anodized aluminum.
How Do Pulse Settings Enhance TIG Welding for Anodized Aluminum?
Pulse settings significantly enhance TIG welding for anodized aluminum by providing better control over heat input and minimizing the risk of damage to the anodized layer.
- Controlled Heat Input: Pulse settings allow the welder to alternate between high and low amperage, which helps to manage the heat more effectively. This is particularly important for anodized aluminum, as excessive heat can lead to melting of the anodized layer and distortion of the base metal.
- Improved Arc Stability: The pulsing action maintains a stable arc, which is essential for achieving consistent weld quality. This stability helps prevent issues such as arc wandering, which can be detrimental when working with thinner anodized materials.
- Minimized Oxidation: By reducing the overall heat applied to the workpiece, pulse settings help minimize oxidation on the weld area. This is especially crucial for anodized aluminum, as oxidation can compromise the integrity of both the weld and the surrounding anodized surface.
- Enhanced Control for Filler Material: Pulsing allows for better control when adding filler material, enabling precise placement and fusion with the base metal. This control is vital in anodized aluminum welding, where proper filler integration is necessary to maintain the aesthetic and structural integrity of the weld.
- Reduced Distortion: The ability to adjust pulse frequency and duration helps reduce the heat-affected zone (HAZ), thereby minimizing distortion in the welded area. This is particularly beneficial for anodized aluminum, as it often needs to retain its original shape and finish post-welding.
Why is Amperage Range Critical for Welding Anodized Aluminum?
Amperage range is critical for welding anodized aluminum because it directly influences the heat input and penetration necessary for a successful weld without damaging the anodized layer.
According to the American Welding Society, the right amperage is essential to ensure proper melting of the base material while avoiding burn-through or excessive heat that can compromise the anodized finish (American Welding Society, AWS D1.2). Anodized aluminum typically has a thin oxide layer that protects it from corrosion, but this layer can be compromised by excessive heat, leading to poor weld quality and surface defects.
The relationship between amperage and weld quality lies in the balance of heat distribution. If the amperage is too low, the heat may not be sufficient to penetrate the base metal, resulting in weak welds that could fail under stress. Conversely, if the amperage is too high, it can overheat the material, causing the anodized layer to break down and leading to issues such as porosity and inadequate fusion. Properly calibrated amperage allows for controlled heating, ensuring that the weld pool is sufficient to fuse the aluminum without damaging the integrity of the anodized surface.
Which Brands Stand Out for TIG Welders Designed for Anodized Aluminum?
The brands that stand out for TIG welders designed for anodized aluminum include:
- Hobart: Renowned for its reliable and versatile welding equipment, Hobart’s TIG welders are specifically designed to handle aluminum with ease, offering consistent arc stability and excellent bead appearance.
- Miller Electric: A leader in the welding industry, Miller Electric provides advanced TIG welders that feature precise control settings, making them ideal for working with anodized aluminum and achieving high-quality welds.
- Lincoln Electric: Known for robust construction and innovative technology, Lincoln Electric’s TIG welders are well-suited for anodized aluminum applications, allowing for fine adjustments to voltage and amperage for optimal results.
- Everlast: This brand offers a range of affordable TIG welders that perform exceptionally well with aluminum, featuring high-frequency start capabilities and digital controls for enhanced user experience.
- ESAB: With a strong reputation in the welding community, ESAB produces TIG welders that are particularly effective on anodized aluminum, providing excellent penetration and a clean finish on welds.
Hobart: Hobart welders are known for their durability and ease of use, making them a favorite among both professionals and hobbyists. Their machines often include features like adjustable post-flow settings and high-frequency starting, which are crucial when working with anodized aluminum to prevent oxidation and ensure a smooth weld.
Miller Electric: Miller TIG welders are equipped with advanced technology such as Auto-Set and precise amperage control, which allows welders to tailor their equipment to the specific needs of anodized aluminum. This level of control helps achieve superior weld quality and reduces the risk of burn-through on thinner materials.
Lincoln Electric: Lincoln’s TIG welders are praised for their heavy-duty construction and reliable performance. They often come with features like a digital display for easy monitoring of settings, which is particularly beneficial when working with the unique challenges posed by anodized aluminum surfaces.
Everlast: Everlast is an excellent choice for budget-conscious welders, offering machines that still pack a punch when it comes to performance. Their TIG welders provide features like dual voltage capability and high-frequency start, which are advantageous for achieving clean welds on anodized aluminum.
ESAB: ESAB welders are designed for professional-grade applications, ensuring that they can handle the demands of anodized aluminum welding. With features like a stable arc and excellent heat control, ESAB machines enable welders to create aesthetically pleasing and structurally sound welds.
How Do Performance Metrics Differ Among TIG Welders for Anodized Aluminum?
Performance metrics for TIG welders suitable for anodized aluminum vary based on several key factors:
- Output Amperage: The amperage range of a TIG welder is crucial for welding anodized aluminum, as it determines the heat input and penetration. A welder with a higher output amperage can manage thicker materials and provide more control over the weld pool, which is essential for achieving a clean and precise weld on anodized surfaces.
- AC Frequency Control: The ability to adjust the AC frequency is vital when welding anodized aluminum, as it affects the arc stability and bead shape. A higher frequency allows for a more focused arc, resulting in better control and less heat input into surrounding areas, which is particularly important to prevent distortion on thin anodized sheets.
- Cooling System: An efficient cooling system is necessary to maintain optimal performance during extended welding sessions. TIG welders with water-cooled torches can handle higher duty cycles without overheating, which is beneficial when working with anodized aluminum that requires consistent and prolonged welding to achieve the desired finish.
- Foot Pedal Control: A foot pedal enables precise control over the welding amperage in real-time, allowing welders to adjust heat as needed when working on anodized surfaces. This flexibility is critical for achieving smooth transitions and preventing burn-through in areas with varying thicknesses.
- Gas Flow Control: Proper gas flow is essential for protecting the weld area from contamination. TIG welders with adjustable gas flow settings provide the ability to optimize shielding gas coverage, which is particularly important when dealing with the oxide layer on anodized aluminum to ensure a clean weld.
What Should You Consider for Brand Reliability in TIG Welding Equipment?
When selecting the best TIG welder for anodized aluminum, consider the following factors for brand reliability:
- Build Quality: The construction of the TIG welder is crucial as it affects durability and performance. A well-built unit typically has high-quality materials that can withstand the rigors of welding, ensuring longevity and reliability during use.
- Reputation and Reviews: Researching the brand’s reputation through user reviews can provide insights into the reliability and performance of their TIG welders. High ratings and positive feedback often indicate a track record of delivering quality products that meet user expectations.
- Warranty and Support: A strong warranty reflects the manufacturer’s confidence in their product. Additionally, accessible customer support can be invaluable for troubleshooting and addressing any issues that may arise after purchase.
- Features and Specifications: The specific features of the welder, such as adjustable amperage, pulse settings, and AC frequency control, can greatly influence its performance on anodized aluminum. Ensure that the welder has the necessary specifications to handle the unique challenges of welding anodized materials.
- Performance Consistency: Reliable brands are known for producing equipment that performs consistently across various welding tasks. This consistency is particularly important when dealing with anodized aluminum, which requires precise control to achieve clean and strong welds.
What Common Challenges Arise When Welding Anodized Aluminum with TIG?
Common challenges when welding anodized aluminum with TIG include:
- Surface Contamination: The anodized layer on aluminum can trap contaminants that affect weld quality.
- Inconsistent Arc Stability: Anodized aluminum often leads to unstable arcs due to the layer’s electrical properties.
- Heat Management: Anodized aluminum requires careful heat control to prevent warping and ensure proper fusion.
- Filler Material Compatibility: Choosing the right filler material that adheres well to anodized surfaces can be tricky.
- Post-Weld Treatment: The anodized finish may require additional treatment after welding to restore corrosion resistance.
Surface contamination is a significant issue because the anodized layer can harbor oils, dirt, or other impurities that can introduce defects in the weld. It is crucial to clean the surface thoroughly before welding to ensure a strong bond and prevent porosity.
Inconsistent arc stability arises from the anodized coating’s insulating properties, which can lead to difficulty in maintaining a steady arc during the welding process. This instability can result in poor penetration and weak welds, making it essential to adjust settings for optimal performance.
Heat management is critical when welding anodized aluminum since excessive heat can lead to warping or melting of the base material. Welders must find the right balance between sufficient heat for fusion and avoiding damage to the surrounding areas.
Filler material compatibility is another challenge, as not all fillers will bond well with anodized surfaces. It is important to select a filler that matches the base material’s properties and is suitable for use with anodized aluminum to ensure a strong weld.
Post-weld treatment is necessary because the welding process can compromise the anodized coating, which provides corrosion resistance. After welding, additional anodizing or protective coatings may be needed to restore the material’s integrity and appearance.
What Insights Do User Reviews Offer About TIG Welders for Anodized Aluminum?
User reviews provide valuable insights on the performance, usability, and features of TIG welders specifically for anodized aluminum.
- Performance on Anodized Aluminum: Users often comment on how well a TIG welder handles anodized aluminum, noting factors such as arc stability, heat control, and the ability to achieve clean welds without damaging the anodized surface. Many reviews highlight that certain models excel at producing consistent results, making them preferable for delicate work.
- Ease of Use: Feedback frequently addresses the user-friendliness of various TIG welders, including setup, adjustment of settings, and overall handling. Reviewers typically appreciate models that offer intuitive controls and ergonomic designs, which can significantly reduce the learning curve for beginners or those new to welding anodized materials.
- Portability: Many users discuss the importance of portability, especially for those who need to weld in different locations. Reviews often point out lighter models with compact designs that are easier to transport without sacrificing power or functionality, making them ideal for mobile welding tasks.
- Durability and Build Quality: Insights into the durability of welders are common, as users evaluate how well machines withstand frequent use and harsh conditions. Reviewers often report on the materials used in construction and how they affect the longevity of the welder, with high-quality, robust designs being preferred for continuous operation.
- Value for Money: User reviews frequently assess the cost-effectiveness of different TIG welders. Many customers share their experiences regarding how well a welder performs in relation to its price, often recommending models that offer excellent features and performance without being prohibitively expensive.